The Future of Transient Analysis is Bright

Yes, or at least, it’s brightening.

We make this bold observation after attending the 2012 users’ group meeting for the PSCAD/EMTDC software, held March 27-20 at a little gem of a coastal town named Castelldefels in Spain.  About 60 participants (eyeball count) from universities, manufacturers, utilities, sysops, sales reps and consultants gathered together for techno-talk on the decidedly geeky subject of power system transients and PSCAD applications.

With 22 countries represented, one would have to be positively polyglot to communicate in all the languages spoken by the attendees.  But power system analysis and mathematics make for a universal medium.  Just stay on topic or risk invoking a Tower of Babel event. Continue reading

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On Engineering Software

As an analytical consulting firm, Pterra regularly uses about half a dozen engineering software, and about the same number on an occasional basis, to be able to conduct its services.  The software are necessary to be able to simulate complex physics and market conditions and/or large scale databases.  In addition, we try to use the same software that our clients use so that part of our deliverable is an updated system model or database.

Craig Muller - PSCAD/EMTDC

Needless to say, the use of engineering software is mission-critical, a situation that is likely repeated in any number of utilities, engineering design firms, system operators, market participants and educational institutions all over the world.  The software needs not only to provide accurate engineering results but also to adopt new technologies such as solar PV, wind turbine, high voltage direct current and frequency converters, market structures and new analytical methods as expeditiously as possible.

The key factors that we would look for first and foremost in engineering software are:

  1. Available features
  2. Recommendation/feedback from existing users
  3. Capability of the development team

The first two items are probably the same criteria that anyone would use when buying any mission-critical product, perhaps no different from the appraoch one may take in buying a car or house.  The third item is unique to engineering software because of the following desired characteristics for such products:

  • The need to modify and update the software to account for new technologies and structures as noted earlier.
  • As a consulting firm, we encounter many unusual analytical or modeling situations that may require modifications/additions to the algorithm or structure of the software.
  • The long-term commitment of the software development team and owning company to continue to maintain and update their product.

We apply an active approach to ensure the desired characteristics are continuously provided by our software suppliers, including:

  • Attending/participating in users groups, either online or in conferences
  • Communicating directly with the developers to address specific modeling or algorithm issues, and monitoring response time
  • Talking with out clients to get feedback on updates and development plans of the software we use in common

Needless to say, a responsive technical contact helps our vetting process and affords us that warm, fuzzy feeling that our investment in their software is in good hands.

Some of the big warning signs that alert users to potential issues down the road with engineering software include:

  • Very slow response time.  Unresponsive technical support is an immediate cancel or discontinue indicator.  Slow response can mean all manner of things including disinterest, internal unrest, lack of staff, etc.
  • Lack of vision.  Not really looking for the next Bill Gates of engineering software, but some long-term plan that makes sense is important.  Most engineering software do not have big development teams, at least not on the level of magnitude of, say, a Microsoft. Usually the role resides in the development manager, so we make sure we know who this person is for each software we acquire, and that we communicate with the manager to know and understand thoughts and ideas for development.  For example: Devin Vanzandt – GE PSLF, Sherman Chan – Aspen, Craig Muller – PSCAD/EMTDC.
  • Attitude.  Developers who are not willing to listen to new ideas and suggestions should have a really good development guru, like the late Steve Jobs, and even then we don’t have that assurance that new ideas will remain consistent with our own needs.  Furthermore, developers that constraint access to their products by specific segments of the user community, specifically, consultants (!) are limiting their options for better feedback and exposure to extreme tests.

Finally, one key warning sign, at least for an analytical consulting firm such as Pterra, is when engineering software tends to focus more on interaction and being visually stunning rather than on improving its analytical engine.  Admittedly, this may not be a universal concern, but we like to believe this is important in varying degrees to all users of such products.  One of the things this change in focus may imply is that the software is gearing up to sell more licenses to new users rather than caring for its established user base.  In our opinion.

 

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Banking on grounding of solar and wind farms

One more item to add to the list of technical items to consider when interconnecting solar and wind farms is grounding.  The grounding issue often appears when (a) integrating solar power inverters or wind turbines to existing distribution circuits, or (b) designing collector systems for solar and windpower farms.

Most medium to large scale solar inverters and wind turbines are supplied or sold as three-phase, delta or wye-ungrounded systems.  This means their electrical systems have no path to ground of their own.  And therein lies the concern.

When interconnected with grounded or four-wire systems, the inverter or turbine (generalized, for purposes of this article as distributed generation, or “DG“) poses a potential for very high ground fault overvoltages from the phenomenon known as neutral shift. Continue reading

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Solar Photovoltaic Inverters and Ride-Through Capability

In study after study, we (Pterra) are encountering this seemingly mounting issue of ride-through capability in solar photovoltaic (“PV”) inverters.  For now, the matter is isolated to frequency ride-through in small grids such as those that may be found in the Hawaiian islands.  However, there is potential for this to be critical in even larger systems as the number of inverter-based PV arrays interconnecting to existing distribution and transmission systems increases.

The crux of the present issue relates to the frequency ride-through settings and capability for commercial PV inverters.  The industry standard that addresses frequency settings for solar PV is IEEE standard 1547, Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems, which specifies that (for 60 Hz systems):

  • For inverters < 30 kW, trip at frequency < 59.3 Hz clearing in 0.16 sec
  • For inverters > 30 kW, trip at frequencies 57-59.8 Hz clearing in 0.16 to 300 sec (adjustable setpoint), or at frequency < 57 Hz clearing in 016 sec

Certain commercial PV inverters are equipped with extended frequency ride-through capability that will not trip until frequency drops below 55 Hz. Continue reading

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Can wind turbines and solar inverters contribute to frequency control?

Renewable energy resources such as solar and wind, produce power in a manner that generally does not contribute to frequency control of interconnected power systems.  For wind turbines, the reason for this is that the generators used to convert wind to electric energy have small inertias that dissipate rotational energy more readily than conventional steam turbines.  Also, wind turbines are operated such as to generate optimal power from the available wind, and hence do not have much spinning reserve.  For inverter-based solar generation, the solid-state controls have no rotating component at all.  (Solar thermal power is usually produced with synchronous generators and thus contribute to frequency control as most thermal-type power plants are able to do.)

However, both wind turbines and solar inverters have the important characteristic of fast, programmable controls.  The question then comes up: Is it possible for these power sources to participate in frequency control response of interconnections?   This is an intriguing question that merits some further investigation.   Continue reading

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Integrating Solar PV Power with Existing Distribution Circuits; Part 1

A wave of new solar photovoltaic (“PV”) installations for power generation is hitting many distribution circuits around the country.  These installations are typically in the range of 10-2000 kW and comprise of a set of solar PV arrays or trays and inverter modules.  The inverters are needed to change the direct-current produced by the arrays to the alternating current standard used by the distribution circuits.  The smaller installations connect single-phase, while the larger sizes are three-phase.  Interconnection voltage at the point of common coupling between the PV installation and the distribution circuit varies from 120 volt up to 34.5 kilovolt (“kV”).

The concept of integrating these new PV installations with existing distribution circuits is similar to that of interconnecting larger generators in the transmission grid; i.e., the new installation should “do no harm” to the existing system.  There are three aspects to this concept as follows.  (1) If the existing circuit meets specified standards or criteria of performance, the circuit should still meet the same standard or criteria when the new PV is installed.  (2) If the new PV introduces a violation of standard or criteria, mitigation measures need to be included as part of the the new PV’s installation to resolve the violation.  (3) If the existing circuit already violates a standard or criteria, the new PV either should not make the violation worse, or limit its impact such that the violation is not worse or even reduced or eliminated.

Continue reading

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Transient Overvoltages in Wind Farms, and a Case Study

In various Blogs on this site, we have talked about unique technical issues associated with integrating wind farms into existing grids.  This Blog now addresses the matter of transient overvoltages, or TOV, specifically with respect to potential risks to customers and any required mitigation associated with wind farms installations. Continue reading

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Transmission bases for sizing wind and solar projects

Unlike base load power plants such as nuclear and some coal plants which operate near full capacity for days at a time, solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind farms are variable resources whose output is dependent on the minute-by-minute change in weather conditions.  For solar PV arrays, clouds and atmospheric interference are the sources of variability.  While for wind power installation, gusts and weather patterns are the main culprits.  This difference in operating characteristic for variable resources requires a novel approach to determining the impact of transmission capacity on the size of the plant. Continue reading

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Training Schedules for Generation X

Pterra conducts training in power technology subjects, not as a primary line, but in response to a perceived need.  Occasionally, work in analytical consulting leads to knowledge and skills that clients and associates desire to acquire.  And we are more than happy to oblige, if only to break the stream of days spent talking to computers (instead of people).  Plus there is something strangely attractive in speaking to minds that are just exploring this lifetime field, electric power.  We hope that most will stay on and help the industry.  And we hope that some new insight will consolidate our own understanding of how electrons move.  This is not to say that these courses are aimed for Gen X’ers alone.  But a noticeable percentage who attend do come from that demo.

So, upcoming power technology courses for Generation X (and those who seek a refresher, shift in focus or broader horizons):

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An Anniversary

Yesterday was the 7th anniversary of the founding of Pterra, LLC.  The original team of 5 who started this journey remain, with some worthy additions.  All have grown somewhat older, hopefully wiser, and after all the contingencies encountered through the years, more resilient and united as ever.

Our core competencies remain the same: power engineering analysis, new technologies, modeling and simulation.  But service applications have grown, from the initial focus on transmission planning and interconnection of new generation, Pterra now offers distributed generation studies, solar photovoltaic and wind power modeling, applications training, assessment for high voltage direct current transmission, expert witness, among others.

No seven-year itch here.  Just some wistful reminiscing and cautionary tales for the next 70 years.  Overall, one can say that it is possible to follow the dream, to have a workplace adopted to family, health, faith, other life situations.  Or, to use an electric power analogy: to be like a lightning arrester, withstanding the normal and continuous challenges and allow all other extraordinary surges to flow. Continue reading

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